MACULAR DEGENERATION

See life’s fine details.
At Ogemaw Eye Institute, we understand how precious your vision is, especially the clear, detailed central vision that allows you to read, drive and recognize the faces you love. Our team is dedicated to helping you detect, manage and slow the progression of AMD with the most advanced diagnostic technology and personalized care available, including:

•  Advanced Imaging and Diagnostics – Early detection with state-of-the-art retinal imaging and OCT scans and angiography
•  Customized Treatment Plans – Tailored care for dry or wet AMD, including nutritional guidance, medical therapy and referral for specialized treatments when needed
•  Ongoing Monitoring – Regular evaluations to track changes and adjust your care plan proactively
•  Education and Support – Helping you understand your condition and take an active role in preserving your sight. Whether you’re at risk for AMD or already managing it, Ogemaw Eye Institute is here to help you protect your vision and maintain your quality of life with clear, confident and personalized care.

What Is AMD?
Age-related Macular Degeneration is a common eye condition that affects the macula — the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. Over time, AMD can cause blurred or distorted vision, and in some cases, central vision loss. While there is no cure, early detection and proactive treatment can make a life-changing difference in preserving sight.

What is the Macula?
The macula is a small, sensitive area in the center of the retina, the light-sensing tissue at the back of the eye. It provides sharp, central vision needed for reading, driving and seeing fine details. When the macula is damaged, central vision may become blurry, distorted or dark.

Who Is at Risk?
AMD becomes more common with age, especially after 60. Other risk factors include:
•  Smoking: Doubles the risk of AMD
•  Race: More common in Caucasians than in African-Americans or Hispanics/Latinos
•  Family History and Genetics: Having relatives with AMD increases risk; many genes may play a role

Although genetic testing for AMD exists, it cannot predict who will develop the disease. The American Academy of Ophthalmology does not recommend routine genetic testing and insurance usually doesn’t cover it.

Does Lifestyle Make a Difference?
Yes, healthy habits can help reduce your risk or slow AMD progression:
•  Don’t smoke
•  Exercise regularly
•  Keep blood pressure and cholesterol under control
•  Eat a diet high in leafy green vegetables and fish

How Is AMD Detected?
AMD often develops without symptoms in its early stages, only a comprehensive eye exam can detect it. Your exam may include:
‍•  Visual Acuity Test: Measures how well you see at different distances
‍•  Dilated Eye Exam: Allows your doctor to check the retina and optic nerve
‍•  Amsler Grid: Detects vision distortion
‍•  Fluorescein Angiogram: Identifies leaking blood vessels in advanced cases
‍•  OCT Imaging: Uses light waves to create detailed images of the retina; your doctor will look for drusen (yellow deposits) or pigment changes beneath the retina which are early signs of AMD

Stages of AMD
•  Early AMD: Medium-sized drusen, usually without vision loss
•  Intermediate AMD: Larger drusen or pigment changes; possible mild vision loss
•  Late AMD: Vision loss due to macular damage
   – Dry (Geographic Atrophy): Gradual breakdown of light-sensitive cells
   – Wet (Neovascular): Abnormal blood vessels leak, causing faster vision loss

Regular eye exams are essential, especially if you’re at risk. Early detection can slow progression and preserve vision.

How Is AMD Treated?

Early AMD
Regular exams and healthy habits are key for prevention. A well balanced diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins and minerals are crucial for eye health. Eat foods high in lutein and zeaxanthin including leafy green vegetables (such as kale and spinach), corn and egg yolks. Eat colorful fruits and vegetables (carrots, oranges, berries), fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (salmon, tuna), nuts, seeds and whole grains. Stop smoking if you are a smoker. Exercise regularly. Wear sunglasses and a brimmed hat to protect your eyes from ultraviolet light. Monitor your vision with an Amsler grid.

Intermediate and Late AMD
Studies (AREDS & AREDS2) show that specific high-dose vitamin and mineral supplements can help slow progression. These are not a cure and won’t restore lost vision, but they may delay severe stages. The Age Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) demonstrated that specific vitamins and nutrients can help reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD in at-risk patients. The AREDS 2 formula is the current recommendation of the National Eye Institute, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the American Optometric Association.

Advanced (Wet) AMD
Treatment aims to stop further vision loss:
•  Injections (Anti-VEGF): Block growth of abnormal blood vessels
•  Photodynamic Therapy: Laser activates medication to seal leaking vessels
•  Laser Surgery: Destroys abnormal vessels in specific cases

Low Vision Devices
Depending on your needs, the Ogemaw Eye team may recommend:
•  High-powered reading glasses
•  Handheld or video magnifiers
•  Large-print and talking devices
•  Computer aids with voice output
•  Implantable Miniature Telescope (for advanced cases)
Proper evaluation and training are essential for best results.

Charles Bonnet Syndrome (Visual Hallucinations)
Some people with severe vision loss experience well defined and vivid visual hallucinations. This is called Charles Bonnet Syndrome which is not a sign of mental illness. These images often fade over time. Turning on a light, blinking or focusing on real objects can help reduce episodes.

Coping with AMD
AMD can affect your lifestyle and emotions. You can adapt by:
•  Learning about your condition
•  Using low vision aids and training
•  Staying positive and connected with loved ones
•  Seeking counseling or support groups

You’re not alone, with early care and the right support, people with AMD can continue to lead active, fulfilling lives.